Valences of each elemental group
Group | Valency |
I | 1 |
II | 2 |
III | 3 |
IV | +/- 4 |
V | -3 |
VI | -2 |
VII | -1 |
VIII | 0 |
Valences of common ions
Name | Formula | Valency |
Iron (II) | Fe2+ | +2 |
Copper (II) | Cu2+ | +2 |
Ammonium | NH4+ | +1 |
Nitrate | NO3– | -1 |
Hydroxide | OH– | -1 |
Carbonate | CO32- | -2 |
Sulphate | SO42- | -2 |
Silicate | SiO32- | -2 |
Phosphate | PO43- | -3 |
Word equations
- Balancing equations: A chemical equation is balanced when there are equal number of atoms and charges on both sides of the equation
- State symbols:
- (s) = solid
- (l) = liquid
- (g) = gas
- (aq) = aqueous solution
- Names of compounds
- Compound ending with -ide only contain two different elements
- Compound ending with -ate contain oxygen
Masses
- Relative atomic mass (Ar): mass of one atom of an element relative to one twelfth of the mass of one atom of Carbon-12
- Relative molecular mass (Mr): sum of relative atomic masses of all the atoms in one molecule of the compound
The Mole Concept
- A mole of a substance is the amount that contains the same number of units as the number of carbon atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12
- A mole is the Ar or Mr expressed in grams e.g. 1 mole of Carbon-12 is equal to 12 grams.
- It is equal to 6.02 × 1023 particles, this number is called Avogadro’s constant.
Number of Moles
Number of Moles = mass/ molar mass
Moles in Gases
Volume = No. of Moles×24dm3 at r.t.p (room temperature and pressure)
Concentration
concentration = (no. of moles) / volume
- Moles per dm3
- 1mol/dm3 = 1M
- Grams per dm3 or g/dm3
Molecular Formulae
- It shows the actual number of atoms in one molecule of a substance.
Empirical Formulae
- This is the simplest ratio of the atoms in a compound
- For example:
- Molecular formula of ethane= C2H6
- Empirical formula of ethane = CH3
- To find out the empirical formula you:
- Make the percent ratio into the simplest whole number ratio (NOTE: if given %s, use them as grams)
- Divide the coefficients of each element symbol by the lowest coefficient
Percentages
- Percentage purity = (mass of product / mass of compound) x 100
- Percentage yield = actual mass obtained / calculated mass
53 Comments
vpn coupon 2024
April 8, 2024Howdy! I could have sworn I’ve visited this website before but
after going through many of the articles I realized it’s new to me.
Nonetheless, I’m definitely pleased I stumbled upon it
and I’ll be book-marking it and checking back regularly!
Look at my webpage :: vpn coupon 2024
vpn coupon 2024
April 9, 2024Right here is the right web site for anybody who wants to understand this topic.
You realize a whole lot its almost hard to argue with you (not that I really
will need to…HaHa). You certainly put a new spin on a subject which has been written about for
decades. Great stuff, just excellent!
Here is my blog post … vpn coupon 2024
tlovertonet
May 13, 2024Some really nice and utilitarian information on this internet site, besides I think the design and style has excellent features.
facebook vs eharmony to find love online
May 15, 2024Very great post. I just stumbled upon your weblog and wished facebook vs eharmony to find love online mention that I’ve truly loved surfing around your blog posts.
After all I will be subscribing for your feed and I am hoping you write once more
very soon!
tlover tonet
May 21, 2024Hello would you mind letting me know which webhost you’re working with? I’ve loaded your blog in 3 different browsers and I must say this blog loads a lot faster then most. Can you recommend a good internet hosting provider at a reasonable price? Thank you, I appreciate it!
eharmony special coupon code 2024
May 28, 2024This is a topic that is close to my heart… Many thanks! Where are your contact details though?
my webpage eharmony special coupon code 2024
nordvpn special coupon code 2024
May 31, 2024Very energetic post, I enjoyed that a lot. Will there be
a part 2?
My page: nordvpn special coupon code 2024
nagano lean body tonic review
June 13, 2024I think you have observed some very interesting details , thanks for the post.
Billionaire Brain Wave
June 14, 2024I think this is among the most significant information for me. And i am glad reading your article. But should remark on some general things, The website style is great, the articles is really nice : D. Good job, cheers
Sight Care
June 18, 2024I’ll right away grab your rss as I can’t find your e-mail subscription link or e-newsletter service. Do you’ve any? Please let me know in order that I could subscribe. Thanks.
Zencortex
June 20, 2024I conceive this site holds some real excellent information for everyone : D.
แซกีราคา
June 21, 2024Thank you for some other excellent article. Where else may just anybody get that kind of information in such an ideal manner of writing? I have a presentation subsequent week, and I am at the look for such information.
menophix
June 22, 2024Nearly all of whatever you mention happens to be astonishingly appropriate and that makes me ponder why I hadn’t looked at this in this light before. Your piece truly did switch the light on for me personally as far as this particular topic goes. However there is one particular issue I am not too comfy with so while I try to reconcile that with the core theme of the issue, let me see just what all the rest of your visitors have to point out.Nicely done.
geng 138
June 23, 2024I conceive you have observed some very interesting details, appreciate it for the post.
flood damage restoration atlanta
June 25, 2024Heya i’m for the first time here. I came across this board and I in finding It really useful & it helped me out a lot. I’m hoping to offer one thing back and aid others such as you helped me.
magnetfeldtherapie erfahrungen
June 25, 2024Hi there, I found your site via Google while searching for a related topic, your site came up, it looks good. I have bookmarked it in my google bookmarks.
neotonics reviews
June 29, 2024What Is Neotonics? Neotonics is a skin and gut supplement made of 500 million units of probiotics and 9 potent natural ingredients to support optimal gut function and provide healthy skin.
free online webinars
July 3, 2024I was reading through some of your content on this site and I believe this website is rattling instructive! Retain posting.
bien être
July 3, 2024Thanks a lot for sharing this with all of us you really know what you’re talking about! Bookmarked. Please also visit my website =). We could have a link exchange contract between us!
alpaca blankets
July 3, 2024Great website. Plenty of useful info here. I’m sending it to a few friends ans also sharing in delicious. And of course, thanks for your effort!
Sugar Defender
July 4, 2024I’ve been exploring for a little for any high-quality articles or weblog posts on this kind of area . Exploring in Yahoo I finally stumbled upon this web site. Reading this information So i am happy to convey that I’ve a very excellent uncanny feeling I came upon just what I needed. I most indisputably will make certain to do not put out of your mind this site and provides it a glance regularly.
zoritoler imol
July 4, 2024Dead composed content, Really enjoyed looking at.
process server lake charles louisiana
July 4, 2024You really make it seem really easy along with your presentation however I in finding this matter to be actually one thing that I believe I might never understand. It kind of feels too complicated and very large for me. I am looking ahead to your next put up, I?¦ll try to get the hang of it!
pineal xt review
July 6, 2024I have been absent for a while, but now I remember why I used to love this website. Thank you, I will try and check back more frequently. How frequently you update your web site?
ทีเด็ดสี่เซียน
July 13, 2024Hi, Neat post. There’s an issue with your web site in web explorer, might test this… IE nonetheless is the marketplace chief and a large component of people will omit your great writing due to this problem.
nagad88 bangladesh
July 18, 2024Great post. I was checking constantly this blog and I’m impressed! Very useful information specially the remaining phase 🙂 I care for such information a lot. I was looking for this certain info for a long time. Thanks and best of luck.
krikya website
July 19, 2024Just wanna input on few general things, The website design is perfect, the content material is really wonderful. “Art for art’s sake makes no more sense than gin for gin’s sake.” by W. Somerset Maugham.
Java Burn review
July 21, 2024Thanks for the sensible critique. Me and my neighbor were just preparing to do some research on this. We got a grab a book from our area library but I think I learned more from this post. I’m very glad to see such excellent information being shared freely out there.
Javaburn review
July 22, 2024Lovely just what I was looking for.Thanks to the author for taking his time on this one.
read full article
July 25, 2024Oh my goodness! an amazing article dude. Thanks However I am experiencing concern with ur rss . Don’t know why Unable to subscribe to it. Is there anybody getting an identical rss downside? Anyone who knows kindly respond. Thnkx
krikya
July 29, 2024Hi , I do believe this is an excellent blog. I stumbled upon it on Yahoo , i will come back once again. Money and freedom is the best way to change, may you be rich and help other people.
siti web rho
July 31, 2024After all, what a great site and informative posts, I will upload inbound link – bookmark this web site? Regards, Reader.
lottery defeater software
August 4, 2024Can I just say what a relief to find someone who actually knows what theyre talking about on the internet. You definitely know how to bring an issue to light and make it important. More people need to read this and understand this side of the story. I cant believe youre not more popular because you definitely have the gift.
ecommerce novara
August 5, 2024Great website! I am loving it!! Will come back again. I am bookmarking your feeds also
abogados de desahucios
August 8, 2024Very nice style and fantastic subject matter, practically nothing else we require : D.
precio abogado clausula suelo
August 9, 2024excellent points altogether, you just gained a brand new reader. What would you suggest about your post that you made some days ago? Any positive?
Qu es la c dula de habitabilidad
August 9, 2024I genuinely appreciate your piece of work, Great post.
servicios legalesabogados de derecho de edificacion
August 10, 2024My spouse and i have been quite joyful John managed to carry out his inquiry out of the ideas he came across when using the site. It’s not at all simplistic just to choose to be freely giving helpful tips which usually some others have been trying to sell. Therefore we consider we have got the website owner to thank for that. The main explanations you made, the easy web site navigation, the relationships you will give support to foster – it’s got many powerful, and it is aiding our son in addition to the family imagine that that issue is exciting, and that’s unbelievably mandatory. Many thanks for the whole lot!
Tonic Greens
August 12, 2024I was suggested this website by my cousin. I’m not sure whether this post is written by him as nobody else know such detailed about my problem. You are incredible! Thanks!
Sugar Defender
August 12, 2024Wow that was odd. I just wrote an incredibly long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t show up. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Anyway, just wanted to say superb blog!
Roland Kirwan
August 13, 2024I like this post, enjoyed this one thanks for putting up. “‘I have done my best.’ That is about all the philosophy of living one needs.” by Lin Yutang.
process server baton rouge louisiana
August 14, 2024You made some decent points there. I looked on the internet for the subject and found most persons will agree with your site.
local seo agency
August 14, 2024Perfectly written subject material, Really enjoyed studying.
realizzare siti web cinisello balsamo
August 14, 2024Perfect piece of work you have done, this web site is really cool with fantastic info .
stone display
August 14, 2024I am so happy to read this. This is the kind of manual that needs to be given and not the random misinformation that is at the other blogs. Appreciate your sharing this best doc.
gut health test kit
August 18, 2024This is the best blog for anybody who wants to find out about this topic. You realize a lot its almost onerous to argue with you (not that I really would want…HaHa). You definitely put a new spin on a subject thats been written about for years. Great stuff, simply nice!
Fitspresso review
August 22, 2024Saved as a favorite, I really like your blog!
Java Burn
August 22, 2024Good ?V I should certainly pronounce, impressed with your web site. I had no trouble navigating through all the tabs and related information ended up being truly easy to do to access. I recently found what I hoped for before you know it in the least. Quite unusual. Is likely to appreciate it for those who add forums or anything, web site theme . a tones way for your client to communicate. Nice task..
Fitspresso
August 24, 2024After study a few of the blog posts on your website now, and I truly like your way of blogging. I bookmarked it to my bookmark website list and will be checking back soon. Pls check out my web site as well and let me know what you think.
bookkeeper cornwall
August 27, 2024I like this web blog so much, saved to favorites. “To hold a pen is to be at war.” by Francois Marie Arouet Voltaire.
fitspresso
September 1, 2024Woah! I’m really enjoying the template/theme of this blog. It’s simple, yet effective. A lot of times it’s difficult to get that “perfect balance” between usability and visual appeal. I must say that you’ve done a awesome job with this. Also, the blog loads very fast for me on Opera. Outstanding Blog!
entführungen
September 4, 2024Excellent read, I just passed this onto a friend who was doing some research on that. And he just bought me lunch because I found it for him smile Thus let me rephrase that: Thanks for lunch!
fitspresso review
September 5, 2024Have you ever considered publishing an ebook or guest authoring on other blogs? I have a blog based upon on the same subjects you discuss and would really like to have you share some stories/information. I know my subscribers would value your work. If you’re even remotely interested, feel free to shoot me an e-mail.