Carrying out test tube reactions to identify cations and anions in solution
Cation/Anion | Reagent | Result |
Ammonium | NaOH, gently heat, hold damp red litmus over | Production of ammonia gas, litmus turns blue |
Carbonate | HCl, test gas with calcium hydroxide solution (limewater) | Effervescence, CO2 gas produced, limewater turns cloudy |
Sulfate | HCl then barium chloride | Production of white precipitate |
Chloride (aq) | Nitric acid, then silver nitrate
Add dilute ammonia solution |
Production of white precipitate Precipitate dissolves |
Chloride (solid) | Add concentrated H2SO4 | Production of steamy fumes of HCl
|
Bromide (aq) | Nitric acid, then silver nitrate
Add concentrated ammonia solution |
Production of cream precipitate Precipitate dissolves |
Bromide (solid) | Add concentrated H2SO4 | Production of steamy fumes of HBr, and red/brown Br2 |
Iodide (aq) | Nitric acid, then silver nitrate
Add concentrated ammonia solution |
Production of pale yellow precipitate
No visible change |
Iodide (solid) | Add concentrated H2SO4 | Production of steamy fumes of HI, H2S (smells of rotten eggs, black solid iodine, and sometimes yellow solid sulfur |
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