The use of ion exchange in the treatment of industrial waste
Industrial waste contains a lot of heavy dissolved metal ions which should be removed before waste is introduced to rivers etc.. treated by ion exchange. The liquid is passed over resin(insoluble compound) beds. The cations and anions in waste react with resin and bind to resin and they are removed from waste as shown:
i) resin-OH + M+ → R-O–M+ + H+
ii) R-OH + A– → R-A + OH–
The ions liberated can react together to form water as shown : iii) OH– + H+ → H2O
The resin beds are continuously replaced or they are recycled by reacting them with acids eg sulphuric acid or alkalis eg sodium hydroxide. The safe waste can then be allowed to enter into the rivers…
Methods of solid waste disposal
- solid waste is produced from domestic or industrial wastes can be disposed by various methods:
i) Land filling and dumping
- involves the dumping of solid waste on open land.
- Waste is usually covered by soil to promote decomposition of waste by bacteria.
- Initially the decomposition of waste occurs by anaerobic means , however as waste is decomposing aerobic conditions occur.
- Landfilling must be correctly managed because organic acids are produced which can carry heavy metal cations and leach out to the surrounding environment where it remain persistant as shown:
- R-COOH + M+ → RCOO–M+ + H+.
- As waste is decomposing under anaerobic conditions gases eg CH4(explosive and a greenhouse gas) , H2S are produced because anaerobic process favours reduction.
- Non-biodegradable materials eg plastics cause pollution.
Leachate
- Black liquid that oozes from refuse tips when water percolates through.
- It contains partly decomposing organic matter and metal ions ,some of which are hazardous.
ii) Incineration
- involves the combustion of solid waste.
- Complete combustion of solid waste occur at a temperature of 800-100 degrees celcius.
- However this process involves liberation of large amounts of carbon dioxide(greenhouse gas).
- To prevent large amounts of carbon dioxide emissions during incineration, waste is burnt under anaerobic conditions at temperature of 850-1050, pyrolsis.
- Temperatures higher than 1050can lead to production of stable ,non-degradable organic compounds called dioxines and dibenzofurans which persist in the environment.
- Dioxines cause liver, kidney diseases and birth defects if they enter food chain.
iii) Recycling
- involve smoking of new material from used material eg paper, plastics iron, steel, aluminium etc…
Advantages of recycling
- it reduces costs of waste disposal
- reduction int the demand for new landfill sites
- reduction in environmental damage
- there may be substantial savings in energy costs e.g recycling Al
- reduce the amounts of heavy metal ions in the environment.
Difficulties of recycling
- produces low grade materials eg recycled paper
- sometimes expensive eg recycling of paper involves de-inking
- recycling plastic waste from mixed domestic refuse is too expensive
iv) Dumping at sea and in rivers
- Dumping of waste eg sewage and oils accurs at sea.
Advantages
- it provides a source of nutrients for aquatic plants and animals
Disadvantages
- oils contains toxic substances eg benzene which is cosmogenic and cause liver and kidney diseases when taken by animals
- it destroys ecological areas eg beaches
- sea birds have their wings flappy, due to oils and can not fly and eventually die
- oils can cause ground water contamination which can affect animals when they enter in the food chain
- eutrophication.
The problems associated with heavy metals in the environment
- when mercury is released into the environment during mining activities undergoes a series of reactions which include oxidation methylation ( Hg → Hg2+)
- conversion of methane forming bacteria in the environment to form methylmercury, CH3Hg
- methylmercury is toxic and can enter food chain via drinking water and cause damage to the nerve
- Chromium obtained from mining activities, mined as chromate which is a mixture of chromate, iron and carbon dioxide
- they are poisonous and can damage liver and kidney disease
- during extraction heavy metals are also produced eg iron
- lead compounds causes brain damage in children and mental depression in adults
The problems associated with the disposal of radioactive waste
- strontium-90 accumulates in the bones to cause cancer and tissue degeneration in number of organs
- radiactive iodine may cause cancer of thyroid glands
- Uranium causes skin cancers and tumour to miners
- Radon-222 causes leukemia, brain tumour and kidney cancers
- cesium-137 brings about nervous, muscular and genetic change
- these may cause ionization of various body fluids , chromosomal aberrations and gene mutations
14 Comments
Ga hierheen voor de beste deals bij een online internetapotheek
April 1, 2024prednisolone online kopen zonder voorschrift nodig je kunt solupred zonder voorschrift kopen in Bogota
solupred online bestellen in Enschede – eenvoudig en betrouwbaar.
solupred kopen in België via internet solupred online aanschaffen voor een scherpe
prijs
koop solupred legaal in Bolivia Profiteer van de voordelen van online bestellen van solupred in Nederland
solupred online kopen zonder recept solupred zonder recept:
Eenvoudig en snel te bestellen
Koop prednisolone zonder voorschrift tegen lage kosten
prednisolone zonder recept
Koop solupred online in Assen – bestel nu en ontvang snel.
Koop solupred zonder voorschrift in Nederland Goedkope solupred
kopen in Nederland
Koop prednisolone online zonder voorschrift
solupred zonder voorschrift beschikbaar in Brussel aankoop van solupred
online in Buenos Aires
prednisolone zonder voorschrift in Rotterdam Betrouwbare
online apotheek voor solupred
Bestel prednisolone veilig online
solupred beschikbaar zonder voorschrift solupred verkrijgbaar zonder recept
Behandel obstipatie met solupred
solupred online bestellen zonder doktersadvies
solupred online kopen met snelle levering
aankoop van prednisolone in Peru
solupred zonder voorschrift verkrijgbaar voor snelle verzending solupred gemakkelijk verkrijgbaar
Doe een aankoop van prednisolone in Nederland
solupred online beschikbaar
Bestel prednisolone online zonder recept in Nederland.
Koop prednisolone online in Zoetermeer – veilig en betrouwbaar.
solupred online apotheek met discrete service
prijs van solupred in Nederland solupred zonder voorschrift beschikbaar
voor Nederlandse klanten
Koop solupred zonder voorschrift online
prednisolone online: Betrouwbaar en snel geleverd aankoop van prednisolone online in Buenos Aires
solupred bestellen zonder medische voorschriften
prednisolone online kopen: veilig en betrouwbaar
prednisolone aanbevolen voor ovulatieproblemen
prednisolone vrij verkrijgbaar in Zwitserland aankoop van solupred
in Nederland
prijs van solupred zonder recept in Nederland
Kwaliteits-solupred zonder voorschrift online te koop
Koop solupred online voor gemakkelijke toegang in Nederland solupred
vrij verkrijgbaar in Luxemburg
solupred gemakkelijk kopen in België Bestel solupred via internet in Almere
solupred: Veiligheid en effectiviteit aankoop
van merknaam solupred Mylan
prednisolone online zonder voorschrift
solupred te koop in Eindhoven – snelle levering gegarandeerd!
Koop solupred online voor snelle verlichting.
effexor probleemloos te kopen
April 2, 2024Amazing blog! Do you have any tips for aspiring writers?
I’m planning to start my own site soon but I’m a
little lost on everything. Would you suggest starting with
a free platform like WordPress or go for a paid option? There are so many options out there that I’m
completely confused .. Any ideas? Appreciate it!
fml forte : effets indésirables et précautions d'usage
April 5, 2024It’s amazing designed for me to have a website, which is valuable in favor of my know-how.
thanks admin
mobic bez recepty w Warszawie
April 12, 2024Greetings! Very helpful advice in this particular post!
It’s the little changes that make the greatest changes.
Many thanks for sharing!
Pharmacie en ligne sûre pour acheter plendil France
August 6, 2024Precio del medicamentos en Valparaíso sandoz Pully médicaments sans prescription médicale au Maroc
Medikamente in Belgien ohne Schwierigkeiten kaufen Zydus Oberndorf bei Salzburg
August 6, 2024où trouver du médicaments Sameko Farma Tiel
médicaments disponible avec consultation médicale
joliebiddlecombe
August 9, 2024This is really attention-grabbing, You’re a very skilled blogger. I have joined your feed and look ahead to searching for extra of your wonderful post. Also, I’ve shared your website in my social networks
joliebiddlecombe
August 10, 2024WOW just what I was looking for. Came here by searching for %meta_keyword%
joliebiddlecombe
August 16, 2024Aw, this was a very good post. Spending some time and actual effort to generate a really good article… but what can I say… I procrastinate a lot and never seem to get nearly anything done.
joliebiddlecombe
August 17, 2024Hey there! This is kind of off topic but I need some help from an established blog. Is it tough to set up your own blog? I’m not very techincal but I can figure things out pretty quick. I’m thinking about making my own but I’m not sure where to begin. Do you have any tips or suggestions? Thanks
où acheter du plendil légalement
August 18, 2024acquista farmaci senza prescrizione in Italia Zydus Zottegem farmaci disponibile in una
farmacia in Italia
Medikamente ohne Rezept in Spanien erhältlich Davur Molenhoek
August 20, 2024Medikamente zur Fruchtbarkeit hexal Dendermonde prezzo dei farmaci in Italia
joliebiddlecombe
August 29, 2024Hi there colleagues, good article and fastidious urging commented at this place, I am in fact enjoying by these.
joliebiddlecombe
August 31, 2024I blog frequently and I genuinely appreciate your content. Your article has really peaked my interest. I’m going to bookmark your website and keep checking for new details about once per week. I opted in for your Feed too.