The Light-Dependent Reaction

  • The light-dependent reaction is the first step of photosynthesis
  • This takes place in the Thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and involves the green pigment chlorophyll
  • Chlorophyll is found in structures called photosystems that are embedded in the thylakoid membrane
  • Between the photosystems is a system of protein channels called electron carriers that make up the electron transport chain
  • In the light-dependent reaction, ATP, reduced NADP, and O2 are made by phosphorylation 

Non-cyclic phosphorylation forms ATP, reduced NADP, and O2

  1. Light energy strikes photosystem 2 (PSII) and is absorbed
  2. The light energy excites electrons in the chlorophyll in PSII
  3. These electrons, now at a higher energy level, move down the electron transport chain to photosystem 1 (PSI)
  4. As they move down the electron transport chain, they lose energy that is used to actively transport H+ ions into the thylakoid against their concentration gradient
  5. The H+ ions flow down their concentration gradient through the ATP synthase enzyme channel which causes ADP and a phosphate group (Pi) to be combined to form ATP
  6. The H+ ions bond to NADP to form reduced NADP (NADPH)

Cyclic phosphorylation only forms ATP

  1. Light strikes PSI
  2. The electrons are moved in a loop from PSI to the electron carriers and back again
  3. This process only forms small amounts of ATP

 

The Light-Independent Reaction (the Calvin Cycle)

  • The light-independent reaction, also known as the Calvin Cycle, is the second stage of photosynthesis
  • It takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts
  • It forms a molecule called triose phosphate (TP) that can be converted into glucose and other substances

  1. An enzyme called rubisco (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase) is used to combine CO2 with a molecule called ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) to form 2 molecules of glycerate phosphate (GP)
  2. 2xGP is converted to three molecules of TP using the energy from the breakdown of 2ATP to ADP and 2NADPH to NADP
  3. Some TP is converted to glucose. The rest is used to regenerate RuBP using the energy from the breakdown of 1 ATP to ADP

The ATP and NADPH used in the Calvin Cycle come from the light-dependent reaction

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