Tag: ATP

Outline the need for energy in living organisms[6] Anabolic reactions e.g growth. Active transport of sustains against concentration gradient. Phagocytosis, pinocytosis , exocytosis, endocytosis. Electrical transmission of nerve impulse. Mechanical, contraction of muscles. Maintainace of temperature heat from respiration. Bioluminescence. Electrical discharge. Explain the different energy values of carbohydrate, lipid and protein as respiratory substrates. [6] idea of lipid > protein > carbohydrate ; A lipid has more energy than either protein or carbohydrate comparative figures ; e.g. 39.4, 17.0 and 15.8 kJ g-1 / per unit mass; more hydrogen atoms in molecule, more energy; lipid have more, hydrogen atoms / C-H bonds; (most) energy comes from oxidation of hydrogen to water; using reduced, NAD / FAD; in ETC; detail of ETC; ATP production Describe the structure and synthesis of ATP and its universal role as the energy currency in all living organisms.[8][z-j2017/2/11(b)] nucleotide; adenine + ribose / pentose + three phosphates; loss of phosphate leads to energy release / hydrolysis releases 30.5 kJ; ADP + Pi ↔ ATP (reversible reaction); synthesised during, glycolysis / Krebs cycle / substrate level phosphorylation ; synthesised, using electron carriers / oxidative phosphorylation /photophosphorylation in, mitochondria / chloroplasts; ATP synthase / ATP synthetase; chemiosmosis / description; used by cells as immediate energy donor; link between energy yielding and energy requiring reactions; active transport / muscle contraction / Calvin cycle / protein synthesis Explain the role of ATP in active transport of ions and in named anabolic reactions.[6] maintenance of, constant / stable, internal environment; irrespective of changes in external environment ; negative feedback; receptor /appropriate named cell, detects change in, parameter / blood glucose concentration; (receptors are) beta / alpha , cells; in, Islets of Langerhans / pancreas; insulin / glucagon, released; action taken by effector / correct action described (liver / muscle, cell);