Category: Organic Chemistry

Electrophilic Substitution Reactions with Substituted Benzenes Substituted benzenes undergo the electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions such as halogenation, nitration,

Electrophilic Substitution Reactions The π-bond electrons in benzenes attack a strong electrophile and lose its aromaticity to give

 August Kekulé, the originator of the structural theory, suggested that the carbon atoms of benzene are in a

Benzene Mechanism Although chlorobenzene does not contain an electron-withdrawing group, it can undergo a nucleophilic substitution reaction in

Nucleophilic Substitution of Benzenes Aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under the standard reaction conditions because the electron

Electrophilic Substitution Reactions of Substituted Benzenes Halogens are deactivating groups, yet they are ortho, para-directors because the halogens are strongly

Amides can be converted to 1°, 2° or 3° amines using LiAlH4.     General Reaction Example 1:

The chemistry of Carboxylic acid derivatives functional groups is closely related. The main difference is the presence of

What are polyamides? Polyamides are polymers where the repeating units are held together by amide links. An amide